Printing On Wood Canvas Opal And Transparencies
Printing on Wood.--To print on a wood block a design to be engraved on
the same presents certain difficulties. In the first place, the
sensitizing solution must not be absorbed by the wood, but remain wholly
on its surface; then the photo film, although thick enough to produce an
image sufficiently intense to be distinctly visible in all its details,
should not scale or clip away under the graver, and not interfere in any
the wood and make its impression. Lastly, the design should be permanent.
These difficulties will be avoided by adhering to the instructions given
in the lines following.
The solution to render impervious the surface of the wood consists of
Common gelatine 5 parts
Gum arabic 3 parts
Castile soap 3 parts
Water 100 parts
Dissolve by heat on a water bath.
To apply it, the wood is rubbed with fine sandpaper, then heated over a
spirit lamp to about 86 deg. Fahr. (30 deg. C.) and upon it is poured in
excess the liquefied and quite warm solution, which must be allowed to
penetrate in the pores of the wood by letting it gelatinize, when it is
wiped off clean. Nothing must remain on the surface of the wood. This
done, and while still damp, the preparation is rendered insoluble by
pouring over a solution of alum at 5 per 100 of water. The object of this
preliminary operation is to render the wood impervious, and therefore to
prevent the sensitizing solution to penetrate its texture. The wood is
then heated again and its surface whitened with a little silver white or
sulphate of barium, diffused in a small quantity of the following warm
solution:
Gelatine 1 parts
Alum 0.1 part
Water 100 parts
While wet, this is smoothed with a jeweler's brush, taking care to leave
on the wood, a very thin layer of the mixture, only sufficient to obtain a
white surface which, by contrasting with color of the wood assists the
engraver in his work. The wood should now be allowed to dry thoroughly,
when it is coated with a tepid solution of
Isinglass 3 parts
Water 100 parts
and dried.
Now the sensitizing process differs according as whether the cliche is
positive or negative. In the former case the preparation is sensitized
with the solution employed in the black process, proceeding afterwards as
usual; in the latter, that is, when the cliche is negative, the best
process is the cuprotype.(12)
For printing, special frames are employed to permit one to examine the
progress of the impression from time to time without the possibility of
either the wood block or the cliche moving. These frames open in two.
The upper frame is provided with screws on the four sides to hold firmly
the block when it is placed into contact with the cliche by means of the
screws fixed on the cross bars. As to the cliche, if it is made on a
glass plate, it is secured on the thick glass plate of the lower frame by
two wooden bars against it pushed by screws.
When the block is ready for printing, the prepared side is usually
concave. It is straightened by slightly wetting the back and resting it
on one end, prepared side against the wall.
Printing on Canvas.--The canvas should be first brushed with a solution
of aqueous ammonia in alcohol, 1:3, to remove greasiness until the thread
just commences to show, then, when rinsed and dry, rubbed with fine sand
to give a tooth, dusted, washed with a sponge and then coated with the
following solution, proceeding afterwards as in the cuprotype process:
Isinglass 8 parts
Uranic nitrate 5 parts
Copper nitrate 2 parts
Water 200 parts
Printing on Opal, Celluloid, etc., is quite simple; it suffices to coat
the material with the following gelatine solution, and, when the film is
dry, to proceed in operating by any one of the processes before described.
The sensitizing compound may be incorporated to the gelatine solution, but
we prefer not to do it and to sensitize the plates as they are wanted for
use.
A. Gelatine 4 parts
Water 70 parts in volume
Dissolve and mix little by little in order:
B. Chrome alum 0.25 parts
Water, hot 20 parts
C. Alcohol 10 parts
When coated place the plates on a level stand until the gelatine is set,
and let them dry on a rack.
Transparencies.--Prepare the plate as directed above with
A. Gelatine 6 parts
Water 70 parts
B. Chrome alum 0.3 part
Water, hot 20 parts
C. Alcohol 10 parts
Sensitize with the uranic-copper solution employed in the cuprotype. By
this process transparencies of a rich brown, not actinic, color are
obtained. Consequently they can be used to reproduce negatives by the
same process. For lantern slides they may be toned black by platinic
chloride.
To strip off the picture, apply, first, on the glass plate a substratum of
India rubber, 2 to 100 of benzole, coat with plain collodion, immerse the
plate in water as soon as the film is set, and when greasiness has
disappeared pour on the gelatine solution and proceed.
For tranferring on any material, a sheet of paper is immersed in a
solution of India rubber cement in 20 parts of benzole, dried, coated with
the gelatine solution, sensitized, etc., by operating in the ordinary
manner. After development, the proof, being dry, is brushed over with
alumed gelatine moderately warm, dried, immersed in tepid water until the
gelatine is softened and tacky, when it is placed on the material and
squeezed into contact. This done, the transfer should be allowed to dry
thoroughly. Now, by imbuing the proof with benzole to dissolve the India
rubber, the paper is easily stripped off, leaving behind the picture
adhering to the material.
More
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A Poitevin's Process 1870
"I use a paper prepared with iron sesquioxide rendered sensitive to light by tartaric or, better, citric acid in concentrated solution. This paper, after desiccation and exposure to light, possesses the property of reducing the solution of silver... Artigues' Process
The Artigues process, so called, is, without any doubt, the best to be employed for the reproduction of plans and drawings in lines. It is simple, expeditious, and yields black impressions on a very pure white ground which are absolutely permanen... Causes Of Failures
The images are veiled. This defect may result from various causes, viz.: 1st. The stock ferric oxalate solution is impaired by a partial reduction of the ferric salt into ferrous oxalate. The solution should be preserved in an o... Choice Of Paper Sizing
In all the photographic processes by precipitation of metallic oxides the quality of the paper has a great influence on the results. When the paper is not well sized and not well calendered, the sensitizing solution is absorbed, instead of simply ... Cj Burnett's Process 1857
"A capital process for many purposes," says Mr. Burnett, "is to float or steep the paper in a mixed solution of bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper, as for Hunt's chromotype process.(36) I have mixed gelatine, or occasionally grape sugar, ... De La Blanchere's Process 1858
Uranium nitrate 25 parts Distilled water 100 parts Filter the solution and keep it in the dark. The paper should be sized with a gelatine solution at 5 per 100 of water, and, when dry, kept in the dark.(40) It is sensitized by floating fi... Dr Jb Obernetter's Process 1863
Copper chloride 100 parts Ferric chloride, sol. sp. 13 parts gr. 1.5 Hydrochloric acid, conc. 12 parts C. P. Water 1,000 parts Float the paper on this solution for about two minutes and hang it up to dr... Dr Tl Phipson's Process 1861
Take a solution of perchloride of iron and, having precipitated the peroxide with ammonia, collect the precipitate on a filter and wash it with boiling water. Add the precipitate in excess to a warm solution of oxalic acid. A beautiful emerald g... Godefroy's Process 1858
Float the paper upon the following solution for three minutes and hang it up to dry: Uranium nitrate 30 to 60 parts Silver nitrate 8 parts Water 100 parts (39) The sensitiveness increases in proportion to the quantity of ... Graphotypy
This process consists in converting a cliche in half tones into one in lines, which can be directly printed on paper, or impressed, by means of an ink transfer made as explained before, on a stone, or on a zinc or copper plate for etching in relie... Guarbassi's Process 1867
The paper is floated in the dark for four or five minutes on a saturated solution of bichromate of potash. When dry, it is printed a little longer than for silver prints and afterwards floated, face upwards, on a water bath until all the unaltere... H Cooper's Process 1865
PREPARATION OF THE PAPER St. Vincent arrowroot 200 grains Boiling water 10 ounces Crush the arrowroot to fine powder, then rub it to a paste with a little water, and let an assistant pour a few drams of boiling water while you ... Houdoy's Process 1858
The paper is floated upon a lukewarm solution of gelatine at 5:100, and when dry, on a bath of uranium at 10 or 15 per 100 of water. After exposure to the sun the image is developed with a solution of silver nitrate acidified with acetic acid. T... How To Make A Negative Drawing
The drawing paper for designs to be reproduced by the cyantotype and the other processes described in this book should be of a fine texture, free from opacities and very white; and, as the design must serve as a cliche it is a sine qua non that it... L Liesegang's Process 1865
Pour ammonia into a nitrate of uranium solution, wash the precipitate of uranate of ammonia in distilled water, then dissolve in citric acid. Mix this solution of citrate of uranium and a little of a solution of chloride of gold with a paste pre... Niepce De St Victor's Process 1859
Red Prints. Float the paper for fifteen or twenty seconds on a 20 per cent. solution of nitrate of uranium and dry before the fire in the dark room. This paper can be prepared many days before use. Expose in sunshine from eight to ten minut... Preparation Of Red Yellow Or Blue Tissues
Red Tissue.--Dissolve 10 grams of carmine in 1 liter of aqueous ammonia and evaporate. When the smell of the alkali has almost disappeared, add 1 liter of rain water. Of this take 65 cubic centimeters, add 35 c.c.m. of rain water, and in the sol... Printing On Wood Canvas Opal And Transparencies
Printing on Wood.--To print on a wood block a design to be engraved on the same presents certain difficulties. In the first place, the sensitizing solution must not be absorbed by the wood, but remain wholly on its surface; then the photo film, a... The Aniline Process
The aniline process was published in 1865, by Mr. Willis, the inventor of the platinotype.(11) It is based on the oxidation of aniline by chromic acid, thus: A sheet of paper brushed with a solution of potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid, drie... The Black Or Ink Process Ferro-tannate Process
This process gives black positive impressions on white ground from positive cliches, and negative impressions from negative cliches. It has been attributed to Mr. Colas, but in reality it was invented by Mr. Poitevin, who describes it as follows ... The Carbon Process
The carbon tissue is seldom prepared by photographers. However, for the sake of completeness, we shall give the formula of the mixtures most generally employed, and describe the manner of coating the paper on a small scale. Preparation of the T... The Cuprotype Burnett's Process
This process gives positive impressions from negative cliches. Uranic nitrate 10 parts Cupric nitrate 2 parts Water 100 parts Float for a minute strong, well-sized paper on this solution and let it dry spontaneously in the dar... The Cyanofer Pellet's Process
This process gives blue impressions on a white ground from positive cliches, and white impressions on a blue ground from negative cliches. It is termed "positive ferrotype process." The cyanofer is an application of one of the numerous and usefu... The Cyanotype Or Blue Process
This process gives white impressions on a blue ground with diapositives or drawings on transparent or semi-transparent materials, and blue impressions on a white ground from negatives. It is commonly known under the names of "blue print process,"... The Platinotype
This process, discovered by William Willis,(16) yields very fine impressions which wholly consists of platinum and are, therefore, chemically permanent. It has been described theoretically and practically by Pizzighelli and Kuebl in a paper f... The Primuline Or Diazotype Process
Primuline, discovered in 1887 by Mr. A. G. Green, an English chemist, is a dye of a primrose color, possessing a great affinity for cotton fibers, to which it is readily fixed by simply immersing the material for a few moments in a hot solution of... The Uranotype
This process, devised by J. Wothly, in 1864, did not receive from the photographers the attention it merits, as it is always the case when a process is patented, and can be replaced by another equally practical which is not. It gives pictures of ... Tracing Process On Metal
We call the attention of metal engravers to this process. It is well known that wood engravers have their original designs photographed on the block in order to save considerable time by not making the drawing themselves; moreover the cost is nom... X's Process 1865 Secrets Of The Uranotype
Preparation of the Uranium Compound.--Precipitate the nitrate of uranium from its solution by concentrated liquid ammonia. Let settle the precipitate, decant, and wash in several changes of water. Dissolve it by heat in pure nitric acid, taking ...