The Black Or Ink Process Ferro-tannate Process
This process gives black positive impressions on white ground from
positive cliches, and negative impressions from negative cliches. It has
been attributed to Mr. Colas, but in reality it was invented by Mr.
Poitevin, who describes it as follows in his communication of May, 1860,
to the Societe Francaise de Photographie:
"I make a solution containing--"
Iron perchloride, cryst 10 parts
Tartaric acid 3 parts
Water 100 parts
"I apply the paper on this mixture and let it dry spontaneously in the
dark, and at the moment of using it I completely desiccate it at a gentle
heat. Thus prepared the paper is of a deep yellow color. Light decolors
it rapidly, and ten or twelve minutes' exposure through a positive cliche
suffices to well impress it, that is, to reduce in the whites the iron
perchloride to the state of protochloride."
"To print, one is guided by the decoloration of the paper, and even for
more facility I add to the solution of iron perchloride and tartaric acid
a small quantity of a solution of potassium sulphocyanide for the purpose
of obtaining a red tint, which is more visible and disappears also under
the influence of light in proportion to the decomposition of the
perchloride. One obtains then after exposure a red design on the white
ground of the paper. This red color is not permanent. It even disappears
by keeping the proof in the dark."
"To develop and then to fix the design thus obtained I wash rapidly the
paper in ordinary water, or better, in water holding chalk in suspension.
The red coloration disappears, a part of the iron perchloride is washed
out, and in the parts which have not been acted on by light the
perchloride is transformed into sesquioxide. I replace then the water by
solution of gallic acid or of tannin and the image progressively appears
in ink-black. When I judge the image to be sufficiently intense I wash
the proof in rain water, in preference to ordinary water, which might
cause the gallic acid and tannin to turn brown. I sponge between sheets of
blotting paper and let the proof dry spontaneously."
"If in place of gallic acid I use a diluted solution of potassium
ferricyanide (red prussiate of potash), Prussian blue is formed in the
parts acted on by light. The preparation is even sensitive enough to
permit one to obtain an impression in the camera obscura in developing by
the ferricyanide."
"As to the proofs in gallate (or tannate) of iron, they can be transformed
into Prussian blue in a solution of potassium ferrocyanide (yellow
prussiate of potash) slightly acidified by sulphuric acid."
The paper most suitable for this process is that which has been previously
well sized with starch, as explained in a special paragraph of this
pamphlet. Paper prepared with a film of coagulated albumen gives also good
results. It may be prepared by brushing as well as by floating, but in
either case the paper should be wetted on the surface only and dried
rapidly at a temperature of about 115 deg. Fahr. (46 deg. C.) and kept in
a dry place. It does not keep for more than from ten to fifteen days,
owing to the hygroscopicity of the iron compound. Mr. Colas, who prepares
the paper for the Parisian market, I think, states that he avoids its
deterioration by keeping it wrapped in blotting paper, between two sheets
of India rubber, to exclude air and dampness. Silvered albumen and plain
paper, well desiccated, could be kept in that way for a certain period,
especially if the blotting paper is impregnated with sodium bicarbonate
and well dried.
Mr. A. Fisch advises to discard the preliminary washing and to develop
just on the removal of the proofs from the printing frame. In operating
in this manner the development is best made by floating, taking care that
the solution does not run off the back of the proof.
The developer may consist of a dilute solution of nutgalls or of
Tannin or gallic acid 4 parts
Oxalic acid 0.15 parts
Water 1,000 parts
After developing the proof should be washed rapidly--under a jet of water,
if possible--for were the iron salt and the reagent not soon removed, or
any remain in the paper, the ground would be tinted violet. And whatever
be the care taken, it very seldom occurs that the whites are pure when the
proof is dry. This for half-tone pictures has not a great importance, but
for the reproductions of plans it is sometimes objectionable. In fact it
must be acknowledged that none of the processes now at our disposal--if we
except the so-called Artigues process described further on--gives an
entirely satisfactory result. A simple and expeditious process, yielding
intense black impressions on a white ground, is yet to be found for the
reproduction of plans, maps, etc., without resorting to a negative cliche
or drawing.
More
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A Poitevin's Process 1870
"I use a paper prepared with iron sesquioxide rendered sensitive to light by tartaric or, better, citric acid in concentrated solution. This paper, after desiccation and exposure to light, possesses the property of reducing the solution of silver... Artigues' Process
The Artigues process, so called, is, without any doubt, the best to be employed for the reproduction of plans and drawings in lines. It is simple, expeditious, and yields black impressions on a very pure white ground which are absolutely permanen... Causes Of Failures
The images are veiled. This defect may result from various causes, viz.: 1st. The stock ferric oxalate solution is impaired by a partial reduction of the ferric salt into ferrous oxalate. The solution should be preserved in an o... Choice Of Paper Sizing
In all the photographic processes by precipitation of metallic oxides the quality of the paper has a great influence on the results. When the paper is not well sized and not well calendered, the sensitizing solution is absorbed, instead of simply ... Cj Burnett's Process 1857
"A capital process for many purposes," says Mr. Burnett, "is to float or steep the paper in a mixed solution of bichromate of potash and sulphate of copper, as for Hunt's chromotype process.(36) I have mixed gelatine, or occasionally grape sugar, ... De La Blanchere's Process 1858
Uranium nitrate 25 parts Distilled water 100 parts Filter the solution and keep it in the dark. The paper should be sized with a gelatine solution at 5 per 100 of water, and, when dry, kept in the dark.(40) It is sensitized by floating fi... Dr Jb Obernetter's Process 1863
Copper chloride 100 parts Ferric chloride, sol. sp. 13 parts gr. 1.5 Hydrochloric acid, conc. 12 parts C. P. Water 1,000 parts Float the paper on this solution for about two minutes and hang it up to dr... Dr Tl Phipson's Process 1861
Take a solution of perchloride of iron and, having precipitated the peroxide with ammonia, collect the precipitate on a filter and wash it with boiling water. Add the precipitate in excess to a warm solution of oxalic acid. A beautiful emerald g... Godefroy's Process 1858
Float the paper upon the following solution for three minutes and hang it up to dry: Uranium nitrate 30 to 60 parts Silver nitrate 8 parts Water 100 parts (39) The sensitiveness increases in proportion to the quantity of ... Graphotypy
This process consists in converting a cliche in half tones into one in lines, which can be directly printed on paper, or impressed, by means of an ink transfer made as explained before, on a stone, or on a zinc or copper plate for etching in relie... Guarbassi's Process 1867
The paper is floated in the dark for four or five minutes on a saturated solution of bichromate of potash. When dry, it is printed a little longer than for silver prints and afterwards floated, face upwards, on a water bath until all the unaltere... H Cooper's Process 1865
PREPARATION OF THE PAPER St. Vincent arrowroot 200 grains Boiling water 10 ounces Crush the arrowroot to fine powder, then rub it to a paste with a little water, and let an assistant pour a few drams of boiling water while you ... Houdoy's Process 1858
The paper is floated upon a lukewarm solution of gelatine at 5:100, and when dry, on a bath of uranium at 10 or 15 per 100 of water. After exposure to the sun the image is developed with a solution of silver nitrate acidified with acetic acid. T... How To Make A Negative Drawing
The drawing paper for designs to be reproduced by the cyantotype and the other processes described in this book should be of a fine texture, free from opacities and very white; and, as the design must serve as a cliche it is a sine qua non that it... L Liesegang's Process 1865
Pour ammonia into a nitrate of uranium solution, wash the precipitate of uranate of ammonia in distilled water, then dissolve in citric acid. Mix this solution of citrate of uranium and a little of a solution of chloride of gold with a paste pre... Niepce De St Victor's Process 1859
Red Prints. Float the paper for fifteen or twenty seconds on a 20 per cent. solution of nitrate of uranium and dry before the fire in the dark room. This paper can be prepared many days before use. Expose in sunshine from eight to ten minut... Preparation Of Red Yellow Or Blue Tissues
Red Tissue.--Dissolve 10 grams of carmine in 1 liter of aqueous ammonia and evaporate. When the smell of the alkali has almost disappeared, add 1 liter of rain water. Of this take 65 cubic centimeters, add 35 c.c.m. of rain water, and in the sol... Printing On Wood Canvas Opal And Transparencies
Printing on Wood.--To print on a wood block a design to be engraved on the same presents certain difficulties. In the first place, the sensitizing solution must not be absorbed by the wood, but remain wholly on its surface; then the photo film, a... The Aniline Process
The aniline process was published in 1865, by Mr. Willis, the inventor of the platinotype.(11) It is based on the oxidation of aniline by chromic acid, thus: A sheet of paper brushed with a solution of potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid, drie... The Black Or Ink Process Ferro-tannate Process
This process gives black positive impressions on white ground from positive cliches, and negative impressions from negative cliches. It has been attributed to Mr. Colas, but in reality it was invented by Mr. Poitevin, who describes it as follows ... The Carbon Process
The carbon tissue is seldom prepared by photographers. However, for the sake of completeness, we shall give the formula of the mixtures most generally employed, and describe the manner of coating the paper on a small scale. Preparation of the T... The Cuprotype Burnett's Process
This process gives positive impressions from negative cliches. Uranic nitrate 10 parts Cupric nitrate 2 parts Water 100 parts Float for a minute strong, well-sized paper on this solution and let it dry spontaneously in the dar... The Cyanofer Pellet's Process
This process gives blue impressions on a white ground from positive cliches, and white impressions on a blue ground from negative cliches. It is termed "positive ferrotype process." The cyanofer is an application of one of the numerous and usefu... The Cyanotype Or Blue Process
This process gives white impressions on a blue ground with diapositives or drawings on transparent or semi-transparent materials, and blue impressions on a white ground from negatives. It is commonly known under the names of "blue print process,"... The Platinotype
This process, discovered by William Willis,(16) yields very fine impressions which wholly consists of platinum and are, therefore, chemically permanent. It has been described theoretically and practically by Pizzighelli and Kuebl in a paper f... The Primuline Or Diazotype Process
Primuline, discovered in 1887 by Mr. A. G. Green, an English chemist, is a dye of a primrose color, possessing a great affinity for cotton fibers, to which it is readily fixed by simply immersing the material for a few moments in a hot solution of... The Uranotype
This process, devised by J. Wothly, in 1864, did not receive from the photographers the attention it merits, as it is always the case when a process is patented, and can be replaced by another equally practical which is not. It gives pictures of ... Tracing Process On Metal
We call the attention of metal engravers to this process. It is well known that wood engravers have their original designs photographed on the block in order to save considerable time by not making the drawing themselves; moreover the cost is nom... X's Process 1865 Secrets Of The Uranotype
Preparation of the Uranium Compound.--Precipitate the nitrate of uranium from its solution by concentrated liquid ammonia. Let settle the precipitate, decant, and wash in several changes of water. Dissolve it by heat in pure nitric acid, taking ...